Executive Briefing: The Axiom of Absolute Unity
Tawhid is not merely the mathematical assertion that God is one; it is an exhaustive metaphysical doctrine of divine unicity, self-subsistence (al-Samadiyya), and absolute transcendence above all contingency.
1. The Tripartite Classical Division of Tawhid
Classical theologians—including al-Ghazali, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, and Ibn Taymiyyah—articulated Tawhid across three distinct dimensions: Tawhid al-Rububiyyah (Unity of Lordship and Creation), Tawhid al-Uluhiyyah (Unity of Worship and Devotion), and Tawhid al-Asma’ wa-l-Sifat (Unity of the Divine Names and Attributes).
2. Primary References & Theology
- al-Ghazali, A. H. (c. 1100). Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din (The Revival of the Religious Sciences).
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes). (1179). Kitab Fasl al-Maqal (The Decisive Treatise).